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Energy storage systems play a crucial role in the modern electricity grid. These systems store excess electricity generated from renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind, so that it can be used during times of high demand or when renewable sources are not producing electricity.

There are several types of energy storage systems, each with its own set of advantages and disadvantages. Here are some of the most common types of energy storage systems:

1. Pumped hydroelectric storage: This type of energy storage system uses excess electricity to pump water uphill to a reservoir. When electricity demand is high, the water is released back downhill through a turbine, generating electricity. Pumped hydroelectric storage is one of the most cost-effective and widely used forms of energy storage, but it requires a large amount of water and a hilly terrain to be viable.

2. Battery storage: This type of energy storage system uses a battery to store excess electricity in the form of chemical energy. The battery can then be used to release the stored electricity back into the grid when needed. Battery storage systems can be used for both small-scale and large-scale energy storage and are becoming increasingly popular due to the decline in battery prices.

3. Thermal storage: This type of energy storage system uses excess electricity to heat a material, such as molten salt or concrete, which can then be used to generate electricity when needed. Thermal storage systems can be used in conjunction with renewable energy sources, such as solar power plants, to store excess energy for use during times of low solar irradiance.

4. Compressed air energy storage: This type of energy storage system uses excess electricity to compress air, which is then stored in an underground cavern or tank. When electricity demand is high, the compressed air is released and used to power a turbine, generating electricity.

Energy storage systems are an important part of the transition to renewable energy sources and play a key role in mitigating the variability of renewable energy production. They allow excess electricity to be stored and used when needed, helping to balance the grid and ensure a reliable electricity supply. As the use of renewable energy sources continues to grow, energy storage systems will become increasingly important in the electricity mix.